General English Level 5 GELEV5 Unit 05 Topic 04.doc 1. Using personal pronouns Genes are the main unit of inheritance in all living things. They determine what we are and who we are. They determine whether a living thing becomes a human, an animal or a plant. They influence its appearance, size and other qualities. They is a personal pronoun which refers back to genes. Although cloning is still in its very early stages, it has had one very public success. It is a personal pronoun which refers back to cloning. Research is also needed into the effect of GM foods on the people or animals that eat them. Them is a personal pronoun which refers back to GM foods. 2. Using possessive adjectives Genes are a part of all of the cells of all living things. They influence their appearance, size and other qualities. Their is a possessive adjective which refers back to all living things. In a recent case, a genetically engineered vitamin tablet killed 37 people and damaged another 1500 for the rest of their lives. Their is a possessive adjective which refers back to another 1500 (people). 3. Using demonstrative adjectives Procedures such as cloning, genetically modifying food and DNA testing have been developed. These developments are controversial These is a demonstrative adjective which refers back to new procedures. Dolly the sheep was produced from a cell taken from an adult sheep, but without the help of a male parent. This is an example of reproductive cloning. This is a demonstrative adjective which refers back to the content of the first sentence. 4. Using general determiners In a recent case, a genetically engineered vitamin tablet killed 37 people and damaged another 1500 for the rest if their lives. Another is a general determiner, which refers back to people. Some other general determiners used to refer back to something are each, every, other, both, either, neither. 178 QUESTLANGUAGE